Lunar infrastructure

What can the Moon's orbit and surface do as navigation and geodetic infrastructure, and where does it fall short?

Five studies of what lunar orbiters and a lunar surface station could do together as navigation and geodetic infrastructure: orbit determination from Earth-GNSS signals against ground tracking, carrier-phase fixing between a surface station and an orbiter, co-estimating the lunar frame, tying GNSS, VLBI and laser ranging on one spacecraft, and how sensitive laser ranging and tracking are to the Moon's tides and libration. The inputs are illustrative and the model is restricted; where a study missed the bar it was pre-registered against, this page says so. Every number is copied from a result the engine recorded; the page scales it and draws it, and computes nothing else.

Advisory software. Kshana is not type-approved navigation equipment (IEC 61108, IEC 61162) and has not been assessed against any performance standard. Every figure carries the label the ledger holds for it (MODELLED unless an external oracle was used); it is an aid to judgement, not a finding about any place, mission or event.