क्षण · the precise instant · built & maintained by Ashforde OÜ
Open PNT resiliencevalidated to the millimetre,reproducible to the bit.
A dependency-light engine across the whole PNT stack — orbit geometry to deep-space navigation — scored against the operational figures of merit, with RINEX/SP3/CCSDS interoperability.
AGPL-3.0 open · SBOM + provenance · reproducible · nothing uploaded · JetBrains Marketplace · Zenodo DOI
Across the stack
- SGP4-validated orbits
- Constellation design
- Precise orbit determination
- Time scales & frames
- Clocks · Allan & holdover
- Strapdown INS · cold-atom
- GNSS/INS fusion · 17-state UKF
- Gravity-aided GNSS-free nav
- ARAIM integrity · HPL/VPL
- Single-point positioning · real IGS
- Jamming & spoof resilience
- Resilience scoring
- Lunar & cislunar PNT
- Deep-space / Mars nav
- Anomaly detection · real telemetry
- Quantum-enabled PNT
Capabilities & validation
One engine across the full PNT stack
Pick a domain to see what the engine does there — run a worked scenario, and trace the evidence behind every claim: Validated against an external oracle, or honestly Modelled.
Orbits, OD & trajectory
Evidence & provenance
SGP4/SDP4 matches all 666 AIAA 2006-6753 verification states to a worst-case 4.12 mm — near-Earth, deep-space, and resonant. This is the model TLEs are defined against.
The Cowell propagator's unperturbed orbit matches the exact universal-variable Kepler solution to sub-metre over 24 h, with energy and angular momentum conserved to ~1e-9. The J2–J6, third-body, SRP, drag and relativistic perturbations each match a hand-derived closed-form signature.
Force-model validation by ephemeris fitting against real agency precise orbits: a full-arc Galileo MEO post-fit residual of 0.61 m (24 h, degree/order 70, force-only) and Swarm-A LEO 0.10 m (reduced-dynamic — an empirical-tier bound, not a measure). The lunar LRO fit is 6.6 m, reported honestly above the 5 m target, and a DE440/ANISE cross-validation leaves it unchanged. This fits the force model to published ephemerides; it is not measurement-level orbit determination.
Time & frequency
Evidence & provenance
Allan-family deviations (ADEV/MDEV/TDEV/HDEV) computed by the standard overlapping estimators with confidence intervals — validated against the NIST SP 1065 reference deviations (Riley / Stable32 on NBS14), and calibrated to published clock datasheets, with a full IEEE-1139 five-coefficient power-law fit. The estimators are also validated on real measured hardware against Stable32: a 5071A caesium clock vs a hydrogen maser (556,990 samples, 16 averaging factors) and the canonical Stable32 PHASE.DAT series, both reproduced to ≤ 1e-3 (observed ≤ 3e-5).
The CIO-based IAU 2006/2000A GCRS↔ITRS reduction is validated bit-for-bit against the SOFA/ERFA vectors, and independently cross-checked against ANISE (pure-Rust NAIF/SPICE): GCRS→ITRS vs ANISE's ITRF93 from JPL's high-precision Earth kernel, the same IERS Earth-orientation parameters fed to both, agree to ≤ 0.86 m on the ground / ≤ 3.6 m at GNSS orbit across 2020–2023.
Inertial, fusion & alt-PNT
Evidence & provenance
The tightly-coupled GNSS/INS UKF navigator holds 0.77 m RMS over a 30-minute curving LEO pass that includes a 120-second GNSS outage, on a force-model orbital coast — pseudorange + Doppler with fewer than four satellites.
The spherical-harmonic gravity-functional kernel — the "map reader" a gravity-aided navigator matches against, loading any ICGEM model — reproduces the GRS80 normal-gravity standard (closed-form Somigliana, with the published equator/pole values) to 3.5e-12 across all latitudes, and produces a physically-bounded gravity-disturbance map from the real ICGEM EGM2008 field (RMS ≈ 26 mGal at degree/order 70). The map-reader code is validated; gravity-aided fix accuracy stays modelled — no public gravimeter-on-a-platform trajectory exists.
GNSS integrity & positioning
Evidence & provenance
Real observations in, a real position out: the pvt solver turns a station's RINEX code pseudoranges and the GPS broadcast ephemeris into a receiver position by iterated weighted least squares — Sagnac correction, broadcast satellite clock, the dual-frequency L1/L2 ionosphere-free combination, and the Saastamoinen/Niell troposphere. Run on real IGS data (station ABMF, Guadeloupe, 2018-05-13) it recovers the surveyed coordinate to 5.7 m 3-D RMS (1.1 m horizontal). Code single-point positioning, not carrier-phase PPP/RTK.
Snapshot and solution-separation (ARAIM) RAIM with HPL/VPL, an MHSS integrity-risk budget, and the dual-/multi-constellation constellation-wide fault mode (EU ARAIM / DO-316), with Stanford integrity diagrams.
Resilience & nav-signal
Evidence & provenance
Modulation power spectral densities, anti-jam spectral separation, RMS (Gabor) bandwidth, DLL code-tracking jitter and the multipath error envelope, checked against closed-form anchors: unit-area PSDs, the BPSK self-spectral-separation identity 2/(3Rc), sub-metre coherent early–late C/A jitter at 45 dB-Hz, and BOC > BPSK Gabor bandwidth. The spectral-separation coefficient now derives the anti-jam Q the jamming model uses from the actual signal and jammer spectra. Signal-performance analysis, not RF-payload or antenna hardware design.
Lunar, cislunar & deep-space
Evidence & provenance
A 6×6 state-transition-matrix single-shooting differential corrector produces exactly periodic Earth–Moon halo / near-rectilinear halo orbits: it reproduces the published L2 southern 9:2 NRHO (the Gateway orbit) at a period of ~6.57 days (published ~6.56) and a perilune of ~3,250 km (published ~3,370). The STM is validated against finite differences and corrected orbits close to machine precision. This is a circular restricted three-body (Sun-free) solution — not validated against a real Gateway ephemeris or DSN tracking.
AI/ML, anomaly & decision
Evidence & provenance
On real ESA OPS-SAT housekeeping telemetry (the OPSSAT-AD dataset, CC BY 4.0) the ROC/AUC detector-evaluation reproduces scikit-learn to < 1e-9, and a transparent peak-count detector separates the labelled anomalies at AUC ≈ 0.85. This reproduces the labelled separation on real mission data — not the source paper's own published model score.
Three runnable application areas behind the open engine — trusted quantum time transfer, GNSS-free quantum navigation (cold-atom interferometer vs nav-grade INS), and quantum-system fault/anomaly detection — each emitting a machine-checked representativeness + gaps-to-flight record, bundled into one reproducible study. Modelled demonstrations (validated-by-reuse where they ride a validated kernel); no TRL > 3, no flight heritage.
Interoperability & assurance
Evidence & provenance
Deterministic from scenario + seed + engine version. A CycloneDX SBOM and SLSA build provenance ship on every release; the release toolchain is pinned to CI.
Optical-clock figures are space goals on ground hardware — no strontium optical clock has flown. See VALIDATION.md and CAPABILITY.md before citing any number.
Evidence ledger
The complete validation matrix — every row, every proof
All 102 capabilities, generated from
src/verification.rs and pinned to it in CI. Each row links to the
test that enforces it, the module that
implements it, and any committed fixture/provenance — so every
claim is one click from its evidence. Validated
= checked against an independent external oracle;
Modelled = honest first-principles model
(see why);
Partner = consortium gap, no code by design.
Open the full validation ledger
| Capability | Status | Oracle | Evidence |
|---|
Generated from the matrix by gen_validation_artifacts and pinned by
verification_artifacts_doc_sync — the table cannot drift from the code.
Full tables:
VERIFICATION-MATRIX.md ·
MODELLED-RATIONALE.md ·
VALIDATION.md
Interactive playground
Run a scenario — locally, in your browser
Pick a scenario below — or hit ▸ run on any capability above — and the WebAssembly engine runs it on your machine; nothing is uploaded. Tune the universal knobs, or open the full TOML to change anything. Every run is reproducible and shareable by link.
Controls
Full scenario definition (TOML) — edit anything
Result
The Tier column is each figure's honest validation status, read from the same ledger below: validated = checked against an independent external oracle; modelled = first-principles physics with tests, not yet oracle-checked. The playground's timing, integrity and security figures are all modelled.
Filter health (Kalman self-consistency)
A consistent filter's reported uncertainty matches its actual errors. NIS (normalised innovation²) should sit near 1 and NEES (normalised estimation error²) near 2, each inside its 95% χ² band — a Monte-Carlo check of the clock's Kalman tuning.
Lower is better. σy(τ) shows how a clock's fractional-frequency stability changes with averaging time τ.
Orthographic view of the propagated user track in Earth-centred inertial coordinates — drawn with dependency-free SVG, no WebGL. Perigee/apogee are marked from the track.
Full result (JSON)
Standards & interoperability
Speaks the formats your tools already use
Built on the open standards of the GNSS and timing community, so it drops into existing workflows — and every standard below links to the test that proves it.
Show the validated formats & standards
AI agents
Callable from your AI assistant over MCP
Kshana ships a Model Context Protocol server, kshana-mcp, so an agent runs the validated engine instead of guessing the math — usable from Cursor, JetBrains AI Assistant / Junie, and any MCP-compatible assistant. It is published on crates.io, as a multi-arch Docker image, and in the official MCP registry.
Five tools
run_scenario, list_scenario_kinds, validate_scenario, export_sp3, and export_omm — each a thin wrapper over the public kshana API, so an agent runs exactly the validated engine and gets figures of merit with provenance.
Install
Then register kshana-mcp in your client's mcpServers config. See the MCP server guide for per-client snippets.
Ask it anything PNT
“What's the GPS-denied position drift over a one-hour outage with a cold-atom IMU?” → the agent calls run_scenario and returns a real, cited number — not a hallucinated one.
In a JetBrains IDE
Prefer to click? Install Kshana — PNT simulator from the JetBrains Marketplace (or Settings → Plugins → Marketplace → search “Kshana”): right-click any scenario .toml → Run Kshana Scenario and read the figures of merit in a tool window.
Cite & use
Built to be referenced
AGPL-3.0 (commercial licence available), citable, and installable from every major ecosystem.
Install
Cite
Baweja, C. (2026). Kshana — a PNT-resilience simulator with quantum-sensor performance models. Ashforde OÜ. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20528627
Every release is archived on Zenodo with a citable DOI; a CITATION.cff ships in the repository. Please cite the engine version and the scenario + seed for reproducibility.
Related publications
Studies built on the open engine are written up separately; their numbers regenerate from the engine's reproducible study artifacts.
Baweja, C. (2026). The Cost of Lunar South-Polar Geometry, and Surface Beacons as the Efficient Fix: A Dilution-of-Precision Analysis. arXiv:2607.06212.
Baweja, C. (2026). Earth-baseline VLBI restores the observability of a lunar surface station in joint orbit-and-clock determination. arXiv:2607.02566.
Baweja, C. (2026). A Conditional Timing Protection Level: Holdover-Limited Undetected Time Error Under GNSS Spoofing. arXiv:2606.24210.
Baweja, C. (2026). Anticipating the Optimism Gap: Predicting Distribution-Shift Degradation of RF-Impairment Detectors from In-Distribution Statistics. arXiv:2606.22054.
For institutions
Kshana is a study and trade-off instrument — a transparent, reproducible substrate for PNT performance analysis and digital-thread integration, not a flight product. Open by design for evaluation and extension.
Open core + commercial
Free to build on, supported when it matters
The engine is, and stays, open source under the AGPL-3.0 — with a commercial licence available for proprietary/closed integration. Ashforde OÜ sustains it with expertise and a proprietary overlay for the work that must stay closed — not seat fees on the open engine.
Open core
The whole validated engine and every surface — native, Python, in-browser, and over MCP — free under the AGPL-3.0 (or a commercial licence for closed/proprietary use), no feature gate. Everything on this page runs on the open core.
Kshana Pro
A proprietary overlay that depends on the open core (it never forks it): clock digital twins calibrated to a device's published Allan budget, and architecture trade studies ranked on a figure of merit with audit-grade, reproducible evidence packs. Available under contract.
Custom & export-sensitive
Sensor and resilience models calibrated to your hardware — including export-controlled resilience work delivered under the appropriate clearance and NDA — plus integration, training, and consulting on quantum/classical PNT performance analysis.
A MODELLED PNT-resilience study — e.g. an optimism-gap audit — reproducible from scenario + seed + engine version, every figure labelled, not a certification. Tell us the job; we'll scope it.
The open-core model: the engine stays open; the sustaining business is support and proprietary extensions. Talk to us — contact@ashforde.org · ashforde.org.